The results of the study on soil microflora in sugarcane experiment field under different mulching conditions showed that different mulching conditions provided a special ecological environment for microbes and changed some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. During the period of sugarcane growth, the quantities of aerobic bacterium, fungi and actinomyces, and the total number of microbes in the soil covered by sugarcane leaf and plastic film increased more obviously than that of the soil without mulch. The quantities of ammonifiers and nitrifiers in the nitrogen physiological group increased significantly. The number variation of acrobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium was not obvious while the number of anaerobic bacterium decreased obviously. Under the mulching conditions, the effect of sugarcane leaf mulch was much better.