Abstract:Effects of different treatments (desulfurization gypsum(GR), sandy soil(SS), farm manure(FM) and mixed(M)) on new reclamation paddy field amelioration of soda alkaline soil were studied for these serious problems of soil salinization. The results showed that the rice height in M treatment differed significantly from SS, FM and control (CK) treatments (P<0.01); the root length and leaf area index in GR treatment differed significantly from control and FM treatments, the rice height, root length and leaf area index in M treatment did not have significant differences from GR treatment, which indicated that GR had the largest contribution to soil amelioration and affected morphological characteristics of rice. The root biomass of M treatment was the maximum, and the stem, leaf, spike and total biomass of GR treatment were the maximum, which differed significantly from CK. Soil pH of 0-20 cm in M treatment differed from CK (P<0.05); differences in electric conductivity (EC) among CK, SS and GR treatments were statistically significant (P<0.01) after amelioration of 12 months, but the soil pH in M treatment differed significantly from CK (P<0.01), the maximum EC and minimum exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were observed in M treatment; the EC and ESP of CK, FM and SS treatments differed from GR and M treatments after amelioration of 17 months. The rice yield was 6 071 kg/hm² in GR treatment. The most economic way was GR treatment in terms of cost savings, amelioration and production increase.

Abstract:The genetic distance of sixty-nine flue-cured tobacco germplasm resources were analyzed by the field performance characters and SSR markers. The genetic distance was 0.32-7.83 among 69 flue-cured tobacco germplasm varieties, with an average of 2.80. The genetic similarity index was 0.30-0.96 among 69 flue-cured tobacco varieties, with an average of 0.70. Cluster analysis based on the matrix of genetic distance and genetic similarity index, respectively, was performed. Clustering results showed that the tested tobacco varieties could be divided into foreign varieties, domestic varieties, early-flowering type, late-flowering type etc.. The combination of morphological markers and molecular markers to evaluate the genetic diversity of flue-cured tobacco germplasm resources may reveal the interspecific genetic diversity and genetic relationship of tobacco, providing the theory basis for parental selection in cross breeding of tobacco genetic breeding.

Abstract:A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of planting density and N application on the yield, photosynthetic characteristics and enzyme activities of tobacco. The results showed that: 1) Planting density and N had a positive interaction with shoot biomass; 2) Planting density, N and planting density×N had no effects on chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoids content. Photosynthetic rate had no difference between high and medium density, which was higher than that of low density. Under the condition of high density, the photosynthetic rate of high N was higher than that of medium and low N treatment. Under the condition of medium density, photosynthetic rate at medium N had no difference compared with that at either low or high N. Photosynthetic rate at high N was higher than that at medium N, and photosynthetic rate at low N had no difference with that at medium or high N. Under the condition of low density, photosynthetic rate at high N was lower than that at low N, but photosynthetic rate at medium N had no difference compared with that at either low or high N; 3) Planting density and N had a significant impact on nitrate reductase activities and amylase activities at growing and maturing stages.

Abstract:Effects of nitrogen application rate on physiological characteristics of flue-cured tobacco leaves at the maturing stage were studied by surveying chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase(NR) activity, soluble protein content and free amino acid content of fresh leaves of Zhongyan 100, a variety planted in Xuchang city of Henan Province, from different positions and in different periods every 5 days, form April to September, 2012. The results showed that during the gradually mature process of tobacco, effects of nitrogen application rate on soluble protein content and chlorophyll content of the upper tobacco leaves were not significant, but it was significant on NR activity and free amino acids content. The effect of nitrogen application rate on soluble protein content of the middle tobacco leaves were not significant, but it was significant on NR activity, chlorophyll content and free amino acids content. Only appropriate amount of nitrogen application could produce high quality tobacco leaves. The treatment of 45 kg/hm² pure nitrogen was the best.

Abstract:Field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different phosphorus applications on soil available phosphorus and phosphorus absorption of spring maize. The results showed that the content of soil available phosphorus increased with the application of phosphorus, and each treatment was significantly different in seedling, and it tended to be the same when mature. The phosphorus absorption in plant increased with the application of phosphorus, and the phosphorus absorption was different with different ratio between basal fertilizer and top application. The production increased with the application of phosphorus within a certain limit and decreased beyond some extent.

Abstract:Field experiments of treatments concerning balanced and conventional fertilization, including lack of N or P or K fertilizer, using potassium chloride to replace potassium sulphate were set up. The results showed that the comprehensive effects of balanced fertilization were better than those of conventional fertilization; balanced fertilization had a significantly higher marketable potato yield, 4 454 kg/hm², economic profit, 8 984 RMB Yuan/hm², apparent phosphorus element use efficiency reaching 33.1% and Vc content, 42.8 mg/kg. When using potassium chloride to replace potassium sulphate, the yield, economic profit and apparent nitrogen-element use efficiency(ANEUE) would be lower, in particular marketable potato yield and ANEUE decreased significantly at 0.05 level. It was suggested that under the conditions tested, potassium sulphate should be selected as the main potassium source.

Abstract:Through the sand culture pot experiment，using complete solution as the control, modified diagnosis and recommendation integrated system （M-DRIS） was used to diagnose the N,P,K sufficiency in different parts of N deficiency potato. The results showed that nitrogen deficiency would inhibit the growth of potato. The nutrient content of N was lower than CK(complete solution) while the nutrient content of P,K were higher. Nutrient imbalance index (NII): aerial stem＞leaf＞the petiole＞leaf blades＞tuber＞underground portion. The nutrient content of aerial stem was the most imbalanced part, while underground portion nutrient content was in a proper range. The order of nutrient requirements by potato seedlings was N＞K＞P under the condition of N deficiency.

Abstract:The objective of the study was to analyze and determine soil characteristics and apply fertilizer rationally by the results of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil pH, organic matter, trace elements content characteristics in Jilin Province. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods were applied to evaluate fertility characteristics in the soil research. Soil characteristics of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium and organic matter, pH value, soil trace element content index were explored based on 55 soil samples (0-30 cm). The results showed that the optimal partition number was 6 nutrient clusters: Ⅰ) The content of Slow-release potassium, organic matter, manganese and boron was very low； Ⅱ) The content of total phosphorus was low, the content of Fe and boron was high； Ⅲ) The content of organic matter was high； Ⅳ) The content of available potassium was high, the content of boron was low； Ⅴ) The content of available potassium and Fe was low； Ⅵ) The content of available potassium, total phosphorus, pH were high, the content of manganese was low. The ratios of these 6 various clusters were 40%， 5%， 24%， 13%， 13% and 5%. In order to simplify the fertilization process, the soil categories could be divided into fewer classes.

Abstract:To protect and utilize natural enemies reasonably, spatial relationships between natural enemies and Empoasca vitis, Dialeurodes citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis and Toxopetera aurantii were investigated respectively in tea plantations in Qianshan, Anhui. The ranges of spatial dependence (RSDs) of these pests and their natural enemies were calculated by GIS and the spatial relationships among natural enemies and four pests were analyzed using grey relational analysis. The results showed that two main natural enemies (Theridion octomaculatum and Clubiona reichlini) had a close spatial following relationship with Empoasca vitis. The synthetic results demonstrated that two natural enemies (Theridion octomaculatum and Erigonidium graminicolum) had a close sptial relationship with Dialeurodes citri, while two main natural enemies of Scirtothrips dorsalis were Erigonidium graminicolum and Theridion octomaculatum in spatial relationships. And the two close natural enemies of Toxopetera aurantii were Harmonia axyridis and Erigonidium graminicolum in space.

Abstract:The antennal, ovipositor and abdomen of female wasp Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that eight types of sensilla, namely B?hm bristles, chaeticum sensilla，trichodea sensilla, placoid sensilla, basiconic mastoid sensilla, thick walled chemoreceptor, thin walled chemoreceptor and sensory pore, were found on the surface of the antenna. Three types of sensilla, namely trichodea sensilla, chaeticum sensilla and bud-shaped sensilla were found on the terminal abdomen. Four types of sensilla, namely trichodea sensilla, chaeticum sensilla, bud-shaped sensilla and sensory pore, were found on the ovipositor. The types, numbers, morphological characteristics and the relative positions of these sensilla were also depicted.

Abstract:Morphological characteristics of several Myxobacteria were studied comparatively to get more knowledge of Myxobacteria and lay a foundation for their classification and identification. Stereomicroscope（SMC）、scanning electron microscope（SEM）and transmission electricity microscope（TEM）were used to observe the fruiting body, colony, vegetative cell and myxospore of Myxococcus xanthu 42-lyheh-1, Myxococcus fulvus sp-lmz-1, Myxococcus stipitatus 42-4-1, Pyxidicoccus fallax 42-10-3, Corallococcus exiguous 42-3-1, Corallococcus coralloides42-x1-4, Corallococcus macropsporus sp-lmz-2, Archangium gephyra 42-10-1 and Cystobacter minus 42-mts-2. This further description of the morphological characteristics will be the foundation of classification of Myxobacteria.

Abstract:Meta-analysis of microarray data from four published cold stress experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana were performed to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs).The results were compared with those obtained by the separate analyses of the individual experiments. The results showed that most of those “more reliable” genes, which were detected in two or more experiments, were detectable in the meta-analysis, whereas merely a quarter of those “less reliable” genes, which were detected only in a single experiment, were detectable in the meta-analysis. This suggested that meta-analysis was suitable for detecting “more reliable” DEGs. It was noticeable that 9% of the genes detected by the meta-analysis, among which 6 genes were directly related to the response to cold stress, were not detected by the separate analyses, indicating that meta-analysis could detect some DEGs neglected by separate analyses. Gene ontology (GO) and promoter motif analyses suggested that the DEGs detected by the meta-analysis were indeed closely related to cold response.

Abstract:Smad4 is a key protein in TGF-β signal transduction, which can regulate the developmental processes like cell proliferation and differentiation. In order to study the role of Smad4 in developmental process of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus), a full length of 2 974 bp of Smad4 cDNA sequence from grass carp was obtained, a 1 644 bp CDS (coding sequence) encoding a polypeptide of 547 amino acids was determined in the Smad4 of grass carp. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the relative molecular mass of grass carp Smad4 protein was 59 690.3, the molecular formula was C_{2 632}H_{4 073}N₇₅₃O₇₉₁S₂₄, isoelectric point was 6.5, and it contained both MH1 and MH2 highly conserved functional domains. BLAST homology analysis showed higher homology of grass carp Smad4 protein with common carp and zebrafish, which was 94.23% and 92.97% respectively. The open reading frame of grass carp Smad4 gene was reversely inserted into the expression vector pcDNA3.1(+), which constructed the antisense Smad4 gene eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA31(+)-Anti-Smad4.

Abstract:The cDNA and Genomic DNA sequences of the laccase gene from Lenzites gibbosa were obtained by PCR and RACE technology, and the length of laccase gene was 2 165 bp. Comparison of the cDNA and DNA sequences showed that the laccase gene contained 11 exons and 10 introns. The cDNA length of laccase gene was 1 873 bp, including an ORF with 1 563 bp length and codes 520 amino acids. The closest organism was Trametes versicolor with 83%similarity level of amino acids. The 986 bp sequences of promoter located in the upstream of start code of laccase gene were obtained by the approach of SEFA-PCR. The promoter not only scattered in the basic transcriptional elements of TATA-box, CAAT-box and AP2, but also contained seven elements of MRE, two elements of STRE, one element of HSEs and seven nitrogen factor binding sites, etc. The laccase gene expression of the Lenzites gibbosa can be regulated by different exterior inducers.

Abstract:The objective of this study was to establish improved methods for determination of the activities of the key phenolic biosynthesis enzymes. The pericarp of litchi (Litchi chinensis), an important evergreen fruit crop cultivated in south China, was used as material. Two-point method and enzymatic kinetic method combined with the use of photospectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography to analyze the formation of end products were applied. The key phenolic biosynthesis enzymes included phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone flavanone isomerase (CHI), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT). The enzyme purification from crude extracts, enzyme activity protection and methods to dissolve substrates were all critical for reliable enzyme activity determinations. The possible problems during the activity determination of these enzymes and corresponding solutions were mentioned. The changes in PAL, CHI, DFR and UFGT activities measured by the improved methods in the pericarp of litchi during fruit development were generally consistent with previous reports. The improved methods are reliable and will provide important reference for phenolic biosynthesis studies.

Abstract:Variation in growth and fruit yield of Jatropha curcas was assessed for the 2-year-old provenance/progeny trial plantation in Hainan. The trial consisted of 195 families from 19 provenances in four provinces of China. The following traits were assessed: survival, height, diameter at ground level, number of fruiting branches and fruit yield. Overall mean survival, height, diameter at ground level, the number of fruiting branches and fruit yield were 93.65 %, 1.97 m, 6.85 cm, 1.38 per tree and 20 per tree, respectively. The coefficient of variation varied from 11.50% to 60.70%. There were significant differences between provinces and between provenances from different counties in all growth traits whilst the differences among families were significant in survival only. For the five traits, the genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) in the family ranged from 1.14% to 13.64%, indicating that there were rich genetic variations in some traits among families. All growth traits except survival were positively correlated with each other. However, these growth traits were not correlated with latitude, longitude and altitude of the seed sources. Cluster analysis did not reveal a pattern of variation among the seed sources, suggesting a random variation pattern of J. curcas involved in the trial.

Abstract:Machilus pauhoi is an excellent local hardwood species with ecological value and a variety of economic functions in subtropical forest ecosystem. In order to estimate the biomass simply, conveniently, and accurately, the best leaf， stem, root and total biomass estimation models based on canopy diameter (C), diameter at ground level (D) and plant height (H) were chosen by using regression analysis and model selection method. The results showed that the correlation coefficient between biomass and CH (canopy diameter multiply plant height), C²H variable was the biggest and W=b₀x^b₁ was the best model for estimating biomass. Compared with the models with D²H (basal diameter square multiply plant height), the power curve models with C²H as variable had the same estimation precision. With the convenience in real forest investigation, the models with C²H as variable were better than those with D²H as variable. The results should be further validated to find out whether they fit trees from different plant densities or the estimation of the large individual biomass or not.

Abstract:Effects of waterlogging stress on leaf gas exchange of Michelia chapensis, Schima wallichii, Rhodoleia championii and Cinnamomum camphora were investigated so as to understand the physiological mechanism of waterlogging resistance of these four kind seedlings and provide a reference for the selection of waterlogging resistant species in southern China. The results showed that net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the four kind seedlings tended to decrease with increasing waterlogging time. Pn of M. chapensis, S. wallichii, R. championiiand C. camphora reached their minimum with values of 1.87, 0.43, -0.26 and 0.62 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, in 35 days under waterlogging stress, and their stomatal conductance (G_s) tended to decrease with values of 0.032, 0.005, 0.008 and 0.006 mol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, in 35 days under waterlogging stress; intercellular mole fraction of CO₂(x_CO2) of M. chapensis，S. wallichii and C. camphora decreased followed by an increase, whereas x_CO2 of R. championii continuously increased; with increasing waterlogging time, transpiration rate (Tr) of M. chapensis, S. wallichii, R. championii and C. camphora tended to decrease with values of 0.04, 0.13, 0.02, 0.10 mmol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, in 35 days under waterlogging stress. The waterlogging resistance of the four kind seedlings was evaluated using principal component analysis, and the order of waterlogging resistance was M. chapensis > S. wallichii > C. camphora > R. championii.

Abstract:In order to investigate the role of ginsenoside Rb₃ in the therapy of diabetes and its mechanisms, the streptozocin-induced diabetic mice model was constructed and the effects of ginsenoside Rb₃ on serum glucose, serum lipid, insulin and antioxidative indices were systematically studied. The detection of fasting blood glucose levels indicated that 14 d treatment with ginsenoside Rb₃ via intragastric administration had a significant （P<0.01）hypoglycemic activity on diabetic mice and the concentration of 30 mg·kg^-1 had more effective therapy results, which was equivalent to that of diabetic medicine metformin hydrochloride. The effects of ginsenoside Rb₃ on serum total cholesterol (TC), glycerin trimyristate (TG) and insulin(INS) were analyzed and the results showed that the Rb₃ had a significant regulatory function to decrease the concentration of serum lipid, which increased that of insulin in diabetic mice. The dose of 30 mg·kg^-1 Rb₃ was more effective than that of metformin hydrochloride. The antioxdative effects of Rb₃ were evaluated and the results illustrated that the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) had greatly increased, while the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) had obviously decreased in diabetic mice after the treatment of Rb₃, which was significant in improving the antioxdative ability and relieving diabetic complication.

Abstract:After two retroviral systems with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) report gene were constructed in this study, the retroviral systems and the infection method suitable for buffalo fetal fibroblasts (BFFs) were investigated. The results revealed that the retrovirus titer of the two systems was 10⁶, and the titer of the pMX system could be up to 10⁷ after ultracentrifugation concentration. The infection efficiency of pMX retroviral system was higher than that of the pMSCV retroviral system. Using the fresh retrovirus infected BFFs twice (12 h interval) or ultracentrifugal retrovirus infected BFFs once could improve the infection efficiency.

Abstract:The objective of this study was to utilize baculovirus expression vector system to express capsid(Cap)protein （in secreted form）of porcine circovirus 2.The gene sequences encoding Cap protein fused with a C-terminal 6 Histidine tag were cloned into the baculovirus pFastBac^TMDual vector under the control of pH promoter. The authentic signal peptide of porcine circovirus type 2 ORF2 was substituted with the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (EGT) signal peptide. Plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli DH10Bac competent cells to obtain the recombinant shuttle vector Bacmid. The Bacmid was transfected into Sf9 cells to produce the recombinant baculovirus. Indirect immunofluorescent assay and Western-blot indicated that the recombinant baculovirus could express Cap protein in infected Sf9 cells.

Abstract:To express the porcine antibacterial peptide Cecropin P1 in Pichia pastoris and analyze the biological activity of the expressed product,Cecropin P1 gene was designed and synthesized to include the partiality codons of P.pastoris based on the gene sequences encoding swine antibacterial Cecropin P1.The linearized recombinant was shocked into P.pastoris X-33 by electroporation, and the high copy transformants were screened with Zection and PCR. After being pured，Tricine -SDS-PAGE showed a single bright band. Agar diffusion method was used to analyze the biological activity of the purified antimicrobial peptides under the thermal, different pH, trypsin and pepsin. The results indicated that the cecropin P1 had a strong thermal stability, acid stability and pepsin stability.However, in alkaline environment and pancreatin, the antibacterial activity of cecropin P1 decreased significantly.

Abstract:After being obtained through PCR amplification, glucoamylase gene promoter and tryptophan hydroxylase gene terminaer were linked together in sequence to construct Aspergillus niger secretory expression vector pPHT. EGFP gene was added to pPHT, forming a recombination expression vector, pPHT-EGFP.pPHT-EGFP was transformed into A.niger protoplasts. Positive transformants were identified through hygromycin resistence and PCR amplification. Positive transformants were cultured in a medium where starch was the sole carbon source. The hyphae were observed under a fluorescence microscope, indicating the characteristic of fluorescence distribution, which mainly concentrated on hyphae tips, septum, cell wall and culture medium. Green fluorescence of the solid medium indicated secretion of EGFP to extracellular medium，which belonged to secretory expression. Green fluorescence of other spaces showed positions of secretion.

Abstract:This review primarily focused on the epidemics of avian influenza(AI) in recent years with open-minded discussion of H5, H9, H6 and H7 avian influenza subtypes over the current issues in the prevention and control of AI. The future strategies for the control of AI were also described.

Abstract:Based on an analysis of the structure, traits and mechanical strength characteristics, sheath destruction test of individuals and overall package of stem-leaf sheath rubbing destruction test were carried out separately. The basic strength and failure modes of individual damage of leaf sheath were established. The optimal split leaf sheath methods were summarized which were in line with its growth traits and strength characteristics of sheath. Destruction of the leaf sheath was best achieved by individuals in the form of parenchyma under transverse tensile forces tear, with the maximum transverse tensile strength(σ_2max) being 0.90 MPa. After tearing the leaf sheath, the connection strength of the leaf sheath and stern (σ_2max) was 0.78 MPa. The first step of splitting leaf sheath was to stretch sheath laterally to tear sheath and destroy the cover of sheaths to the stalks. Then, sheaths should be scratched axially to rip sheath from the stem. To accomplish the sheath stripping completely, the following 2 basic conditions should be met. Stress that perpendiculars to the direction of leaf sheath fibers （σ₂） should be no less than the maximum lateral tensile strength σ_2max. Axial stress (σ₁) should be no less than σ_tmax, which is the maximum strength of resisting ripping of leaf sheath and stem.

Abstract:By the cold pressing experiments in a closed container, the stress-strain relationship of the castor seeds was identified and the constructive model was established as well as the model parameters. By comparing the result of experiments with that of the plastic constitutive model based on Doraivelu’s yield criterion, the conclusion was drawn that the equivalent model reflected the hardening law of the castor seeds in practical pressing process well, and with the same axial stress in plastic stage, equivalent strain was maximum 8.3% higher than that of cold pressing while an average height was 5.41%.

Abstract:A wireless water environmental monitoring system based on ZigBee technology was designed in this paper, which was composed of water quality monitoring node of multi-source information fusion, router node, gateway and upper computer monitoring software. The system introduced the node information collection mechanism of diversification, providing effective wireless network coverage and reliable data transmission for water environment, including the parameter of dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature. Experimental results showed that the wireless monitoring node could work for more than 1 231 days under the condition of sampling once per hour and supplying 1 200 mA?h capacity battery so as to meet the long-term automatic monitoring requirements of water environment. The wireless monitoring system has the advantage of low power consumption, simple deployment, flexible networking, which is suitable for the long term monitoring of water quality of small river, medium-sized area of lakes and ponds.

Abstract:Changes of partial physical and chemical indexes, including moisture percentage, temperature, pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humus acid, germination index of silkworm excrement composted in open stockpile and close stockpile during different periods, were studied. The results showed that when the fermentation temperature was low, fermentaion rate was slow, but physical and chemical index were stable in close stockpile while there were two heating up periods in open stockpile, the first high temperature was 50 ℃ for 9 d, the second with low temperature, which created great effects on physical and chemical indexes. It basically reached the technical standards of organic fertilizer after 20 d open compost. The content of organic carbon in silkworm paeces dropping ran up to 352.41 g/kg,w(C)/w(N) being 11.01, the total nutrient content (N + P₂O₅ + K₂O) being 81.2 g/kg, pH being 7.14, germination index surpassing 50%.

Abstract:The botanical characteristics of Bainiu old tea plant were observed and their stylus were found different from that of Camellia sinensis L. O.Kuntze. There are three kinds of stylus in the same plant. The specimens are deposited in Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University.

Abstract:Sumalia zulema (Doubleday & Hewitson) was firstly reported from Tibet in China. The morphological characteristics of this species were described briefly. Pictures of adult and illustrations of male genitalia were provided.