• Volume 35,Issue 4,2014 Table of Contents
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    • >Front Cover
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      2014, 35(4):---.

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    • >Contents
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      2014, 35(4):---.

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    • >Animal science
    • Construction of lentivirus-mediated multi-shRNAs vector and evaluation of anti-FMDV in vitro and vivo

      2014, 35(4):1-6. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.001

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      Abstract:【Objective】 The study was conducted to investigate the inhibit replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by multi-shRNAs expression.【Method】 Three shRNAs were designed and chemically synthesized according to the conservative area in 3B and 3D regions of FMDV; induced by three different promoters respectively, they were constructed into a multi-shRNAs expressing lentiviral plasmid. The anti-FMDV multi-shRNAs expressing lentiviral particles were packaged by co-transfecting the three plasmid lentivirus packaging system into 293T cells. Infected FMDV into lentivirus-treated cells and suckling mice, inhibitions of FMDV were observed.【Result and conclusion】 Results showed that transgenic BHK-21 cells were obtained by infecting lentivirus. The expression of shRNAs in transgenic cells was detected by stem-loop RT-PCR. Inoculated with FMDV type O, the transgenic cells were proven to have an obvious inhibition to FMDV replication, which could reduce virus growth by three folds (24 h post-infection). After infection of FMDV type O strain into 3-5 days suckling mice, no mouse mortality was observed under 5 LD50 titer, and survival time of the dead mice extended compared with negative control under 20 LD50 titer. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the anti-FMDV multi-shRNAs expressing lentiviral vector can improve FMDV resistance of BHK-21 cells and suckling mice.

    • A study on mutant prevention concentration of cefquinome against Staphylococcus aureus

      2014, 35(4):7-10. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.002

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      Abstract:【Objective】 The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of cefquinome against Staphylococcus aureus were measured for the rational use in veterinary medicine.【Method】 The MIC and MIC for 99% of input cells (MIC99) of cefquinome against S. aureus were determined by agar two-fold dilution method. The S. aureus strains were enriched in broth, and the bacterial concentrations were adjusted to 1010 colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter. The MPC of cefquinome against S. aureus was determined by agar plates dilution method, and the selection index (SI) was calculated. 【Result and conclusion】 The MIC, MIC99, MPC and SI (MPC/MIC99) of cefquinome against S. aureus strain ATCC 29213 were 0.5, 0.4 , 1.6 μg/mL and 4, respectively. The MIC50, MIC90, MPC90 and SI (MPC90/MIC90) of cefquinome against S. aureus clinical isolates were 0.50, 1.00, 5.12 μg/mL and 5.12, respectively. The results show that cefquinome has a higher activity against S. aureus and a smaller SI. Resistant mutant strains can be reduced by adjusting the dosage regimen.

    • Etiology surveys and phylogenetic analyses of avian leukosis virus subgroup A isolated from breeder chickens farms

      2014, 35(4):11-15. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.003

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      Abstract:【Objective】To investigate the prevalence of breeders infected by avian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV-A) in Guangdong Province of China.【Method】A total of 1 561 plasma samples of breeders collected from four different farms(A,B,C,D) were inoculated into DF-1 cell cultures for 7 days; the positive samples were detected by antigen p27 ELISA test and identified via PCR and IFA.【Result and conclusion】Results showed that 71 positive samples were detected from four farms and the positive rate of exogenous ALV isolation was 4.6%. Two ALV-A viruses were isolated from antigen p27 ELISA positive samples of the breeder chickens farm C, which were designed as GD13-1 and GD13-2, and the GD13-2 was determined for mixed infection with ALV-J. The full length proviral genomes of two isolates were 7 721, 7 715 bp after PCR amplification and sequencing. In comparison to the LTR and gp85 sequence of the other ALV-A strains at home and abroad, the isolates had the highest similarity with that of subgroup A strain SDAU09E2. The nucleotide similarity of LTR and gp85 were 96.9%, 97.2% and 98.4%, 98.7% respectively. In comparison to the LTR and gp85 sequence of ALV-A GD08 isolated from Guangdong five years ago, the similarity of LTR and gp85 were 88.9%,89.5% and 98.5%,98.8% respectively. The survey results show that ALV-A still exist in some breeder farms, but it is not prevalent any more.

    • Determination of amoxicillin residues in milk by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

      2014, 35(4):16-21. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.004

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      Abstract:【Objective】 An analytical method was developed for the determination of amoxicillin residues in milk by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).【Method】 A two-gram milk sample was deproteinized by ethanol.The supernatant was transferred into a pear-shaped bottle to be evaporated to about 0.5 mL,and the residue was dissolved with ammonium acetate solution.The sample was determined by HPLC MS/MS after the purification.The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Luna 5 μm C18 column using 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile as mobile phases with gradient elution.The identification of amoxicillin was carried out by MS/MS equipped with electrospray ionization in positive scanning and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes.【Result and conclusion】 Matrix-matched calibration standard was used for the quantification.The calibration curve showed perfect linearity in the range of 1-400 μg·L-1, with the correlation coefficient being more than 0.999.The limit of detection (LOD,S/N≥3) was 1 μg·kg-1 in milk,and the limit of quantification (LOQ,S/N≥10) was 2 μg·kg-1.The mean recoveries varied from 75.6% to 91.0% at the four spiked levels of LOQ,1/2MRL (the maximum residue limit: 5 μg·kg-1), MRL(10 μg·kg-1),and 2MRL(20 μg·kg-1) with the relative standard deviations of 1.6%-10.2%.

    • Effects of twenty traditional Chinese medicine extracts against Streptococcus agalactiae in vitro

      2014, 35(4):22-25. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.005

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      Abstract:【Objective】 Screening for the traditional Chinese medicines which have good antibacterial effects on Streptococcus agalactiae in vitro.【Method】 Using ethanol reflux and ultrasonic method, extracts of 20 different traditional Chinese medicines were obtained. Minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC) of Coptis chinensis and other 19 extracts of traditional Chinese medicines on St. agalactiae were detected by macrodilution broth method, and combined antibacterial effects in vitro of them were also observed. 【Result and conclusion】 The MICs of the extracts obtained from Prunus mume, Coptis chinensis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum and Sanguisorba officinalis against St. agalactiae ranged from 7.80 to 31.25 mg/mL. The MICs of the extracts obtained from Taraxacum mongolicum, Artemisia scoparia, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Artemisia argyi, Phellodendron chinense, Houttuynia cordata, Violae yedoensis and Pulsatilla chinensis ranged from 62.50 to 125.00 mg/mL. The MICs of the extracts obtained from Po. multiflorum, Sophora flavescens, Andrographis paniculata, Eucommia ulmoides, Forsythia suspensa, Lonicera japonica and Prunella vulgaris ranged from 250.00 to 500.00 mg/mL. The results of joint bacteriostatic test showed that the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of the extracts obtained from Sc. baicalensis, Po. cuspidatum, Sa. officinalisand C. chinensis was less than or equal to 1. The FICI of Po. cuspidatum, Sc. baicalensis and Sa. officinalis was more than 2. C. chinensis, Sc. baicalensis, Po. cuspidatum and Sa. officinalis showed a good antibacterial effect against St. agalactiae in vitro. The combination of Sa. officinalis and C. chinensis was characterized by a additive effect, whereas the combination of C. chinensis, Sc. baicalensis and Po. cuspidatum was characterized by a synergism effect. The combination of Sa. officinalis and Sc. baicalensis, Po. cuspidatum showed antagonism effect.

    • >Agronomy?Horticulture
    • Effects of low temperature on physiological characteristics of maize root at booting stage

      2014, 35(4):26-30. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.006

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      Abstract:【Objective】 Effects of low temperature on physiological characteristics of maize root at booting stage were studied.【Method】 Xianyu335 and Dongdan213 were selected as the tested materials, and the effects of low temperature on physiological characteristics of maize root at booting stage, and the correlations of all physiological indicators were studied.【Result and conclusion】 The results showed that the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and the contents of Pro, soluble protein and sugar of Xianyu335 were higher than those of Dongdan213 with the prolongation of the low temperature stress time, and MDA content showed the opposite changes. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between root activity and SOD activity, soluble sugar content in Xianyu335, and there was a significant positive correlation between root activity and CAT activity in Dongdan213. Root activity was positively correlated with the content of Pro, and negatively correlated with MDA content.

    • Effects of different polyethylene glycol concentrations on seedling quality and water retention of maize hybrid

      2014, 35(4):31-34. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.007

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      Abstract:【Objective】 To study the drought resistance of maize during the seedling stage.【Method】 Seven maize hybrids were selected to test the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations on seedling quality and water retention of maize hybrid, with the PEG concentrations of 0 (CK), 100, 150 and 200 g·L-1, under simulated drought condition, after the seeds imbibed.【Result and conclusion】 The results indicated that PEG concentration was the most important factor to affect seedling quality and water retention of maize hybrid. With the increase of PEG concentration, seedling length of maize hybrid reduced significantly, while seedling quality and water retention increased significantly. Nongdan No.5, Changcheng 706 and Huidan No.4 had strong drought resistance. Haihe No.1, Nongdan No.5 and Changcheng 706 had good seedling quality, so Nongdan No.5 and Changcheng 706 had the resistance to high PEG concentration. To study the drought resistance of plant, not only the seedling appearance, but also the seedling quality and water retention should be examined.

    • Responses of PSⅡ chlorophyll fluorescence under Cd stress and characteristics of Cd accumulation in Thalia dealbata and rice mono-and inter-cropping systems

      2014, 35(4):35-41. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.008

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      Abstract:【Objective】 An experiment was conducted to ascertain the effects of Cd stress on the PSⅡ chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaves of Thalia dealbata and rice in both the intercropping and mono-cropping systems as well as the uptake and accumulation characteristics of Cd by T. dealbata and rice. 【Method】 The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in the leaves under different treatments were measured with PAM-2100 Chlorophyll Fluorometer. The contents of Cd in the samples from different treatments were determined using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after wet ashing with HNO3-HClO4.【Result and conclusion】The Fv/FmYII, qP and rETR of the rice decreased with the elevated Cd content in the soil while the qN, NPQ and YNPQ of the rice showed an opposite trend, indicating that the PSⅡ photosynthetic activity was inhibited under Cd stress, while the proportion of the heat dissipation increased to alleviate the photoinhibition of PSⅡ under the condition of excessive light interception. The YNO of the rice increased in a high level of Cd content, which indicated that the higher level of Cd stress induced damage to PSⅡ reaction centres, and the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation increased to a higher level under conditions of excessive light energy. The decrease of Fv/FmYII, qP and rETR in T. dealbata were much lower than those in rice with the same level of Cd stress. With a higher level of Cd stress, the YNPQ)in T. dealbata increased significantly while the variation of YNO) in T. dealbata was not obvious, which suggested that the regulatory energy dissipation mechanism played a major role in the protection of photosynthetic apparatus in Cd stress. At the same level of Cd content in soil, the sequence of Cd content was root > stem > leaf in the rice and stem > root and leaf in T. dealbata. The Cd contents in the root, stem and leaf of rice in the intercropping system were, respectively, lower than those in the monoculture system. The amount of Cd uptake by T. dealbata was significantly higher than that of rice with the same level of Cd treatment. All these results suggested that the photosystem II reaction center of T. dealbata had a higher tolerance to the Cd stress, and the Cd content of rice in intercropping system could be reduced.

    • Relationship between genetic structure and spatial distribution of wild soybean,Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc., populations around Daguanling in Xintian, Hunan Province

      2014, 35(4):42-49. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.009

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      Abstract:【Objective】To explore the information of development and differentiation of special micro-environment of wild soybean for sampling wild soybean.【Method】A total of 41 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers scattered on the whole genome were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure, and to evaluate the relationship between genetic diversity and spatial distribution of the 16 wild soybean populations with a sample of 612 individuals around Daguanling in Xintian County, Hunan Province.【Result and conclusion】A total of 414 alleles were detected with 41 SSR marks among 612 accessions, and the average number of allelic variations per locus was 10.1, ranging from 4 to 19. The average Shannon’s information index (I) per locus was 1.751 with a range of 0.283-2.542. It was discovered that the region from Xiangxiling to Sangzi had a higher genetic diversity and more allelic variations than other regions, and also had a higher gene flow than the other populations by comparing genetic diversity index of different populations. The wild soybean accessions could be divided into 19 sub-groups by the analysis of population structure with software Structure 2.3 based on mixed model. The populations near the region from Xiangxiling to Sangzi were divided into different sub-groups and the populations far from Daguanling were clustered into different groups separately. There was a positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance under the condition that the sample’s distance was less than 1 400 m. The region from Xiangxiling to Sangzi was a diversity center of wild soybean in Daguanling region. Populations near the region apparently had the character of spatial distribution. Genetic diversity was positively correlated with geographic distance and altitude. The population of wild soybean in Daguanling disperse from high altitude to low altitude. The spread model of this region is distance model and continent island model.

    • Screening for Al-tolerant rhizobium and a study on its characters

      2014, 35(4):50-55. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.010

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      Abstract:【Objective】The resistant aluminium strains of wild soybean rhizobia in Southern China were screened to set up a system of isolating and identifying aluminum-tolerant rhizobium, and to establish the foundation of effective inoculant for soybean planting areas in South China. 【Method】The nodules of wild soybean which grew in Hunan Province and Guangzhou area were isolated by using technique of strains activated culture method. The tolerance of aluminum was detected by spectrophotometer. The growth characteristics of aluminum-tolerant rhizobium were analyzed using the method of inoculation. The effects on growth and nodulation of the cultivated-soybean were explored by inoculating with aluminum-tolerant strains.【Result and conclusion】 The results showed that the isolated rhizobium could grow with 200 μmol·L-1 Al3+ distinct from the other strains, showing some special features of tolerance to aluminum. The boundary pH that W20 could not survive was 4.0, while the favorite pH was 6.0. In the Proton flux assay, W20 had the ability to prevent more H+ from penetrating the cytomembrane than W14, which could make W20 avoid some damage caused by H+. Inoculating with the effective rhizobium could significantly increase soybean biomass, nodulation, N content and reduce the content of Al3+ with aluminum addition. The shoot and root biomass of soybean increased by 60.9% and 14.8% respectively, while the nodule number and nodule weight increased by 66% and 209% with the rhizobium of W20 strain inoculants at 200 μmol ·L-1 Al3+, respectively. Meanwhile NH4-N content of shoot and root was stimulated by 25.7% and 9.4% respectively.

    • Transferability of tomato SSR markers to eggplants and other Solanaceous vegetables

      2014, 35(4):56-60. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.011

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      Abstract:【Objective】Tomato genome was sequenced and a large number of SSR markers could be obtained. Cross-species amplification of tomato SSR markers will be an economic method to add up the number of robust SSR markers in eggplant and Solanaceous vegetables. 【Method】 This study tested a large set of tomato SSR markers on eggplant and other Solanaceous vegetables by close relative species transfer method. 【Result and conclusion】 887 out of 1046 tested tomato SSR markers could successfully amplify on eggplants, but only 425 produced very similar bands on tomatoes and eggplants, giving a transfer rate of 40.6%. EST-SSR markers were found to be more transferable than genomic SSR markers (54.5 and 38.9% respectively). 414 transferable SSR markers were mapped electronically onto tomato genome and their distribution on individual chromosomes highly varied. 93 SSR markers showed polymorphism on two eggplant parents used for genetic map construction. When testing 425 cross-species SSR markers on potatoes, peppers and lycium, the transferability rates were 96.2%, 78.1% and 54.1%, respectively.

    • >Plant protection
    • Toxicities of 4 neonicotinoid insecticides to Phenacoccus solenopsis by 3 bioassay methods

      2014, 35(4):61-66. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.012

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      Abstract:【Objective】 To study the chemical control of cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and to screen its efficient pesticides.【Method】The toxicities of 4 neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram) to P. solenopsis were determined by three methods: leaf dipping, nymph and leaf dipping, and the residual film method under the laboratory conditions. 【Result and conclusion】 The results showed that the mortalities of the 3rd instar mealybug nymphs treated with 40 mg·L-1 thiamethoxam after 24 and 48 h were 90.0% and 98.8% by using leaf dipping method, 98.9% and 100.0% by using nymph and leaf dipping method, 85.8% and 85.8% by using the residual film method. Relative toxicities of four insecticides from high to low to P. solenopsis 3rd instar nymphs through leaf dipping method were thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, and imidacloprid. Relative toxicities from high to low tested by nymph and leaf dipping method were thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, and those for the residual film method were thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and nitenpyram. Thiamethoxam was proved to be the most efficient to P. solenopsis among these four insecticides. The relative toxicity of imidacloprid was the highest by nymph and leaf dipping method; the secondary was residual film method, and the lowest was leaf dipping method. For acetamiprid, the relative toxicities to the mealybug by the nymph and leaf dipping method and the residual film method were similar, while the relative toxicity of leaf dipping method was lower. The toxicity of thiamethoxam to the mealybug with the nymph and leaf dipping method was higher, and those were lower with leaf dipping method and the residual film method. The same results for nitenpyram were presented with the above bioassay methods. Nymph and leaf dipping method was proved to give the comprehensive toxicity of contact effect and stomach poisonous effect for neonicotinoid insecticides in a better way.

    • Antifeedant activities of podophyllotoxin and 4′-demethylpodophyotoxin against the adult of striped flea beetles,Phyllotreta striolata

      2014, 35(4):67-70. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.013

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      Abstract:【Objective】Antifeedant activities of podophyllotoxin and 4′-demethylpodophyllotoxin against the adult of stried leaf beetles Phyllotreta striolata were studied. 【Method】Podophyllotoxin and 4′-demethylpodophyllotoxin were extracted and separated from Chinese umbrellaleaf rhizome. The antifeedant activities of podophyllotoxin and 4′-demethylpodophyllotoxin against P. striolata were made at 500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000 and 4 000 μg·mL-1 concentrations for 24 h and 48 h respectively.【Result and conclusion】Podophyllotoxin showed a selective antifeedant effect, and the activities remained unchanged as time extended. By contrast, 4′-demethylpodophyllotoxin had no obvious influence on antifeedant activities except under high concentration (4 000 μg·mL-1). The indexes of 4′-methyl were speculated to be the key functional group to affect the antifeedant activities according to the molecular structures of podophyllotoxin and 4′-hydroxypodophyllotoxin.

    • Genetic diversities of Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri in Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces

      2014, 35(4):71-76. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.014

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      Abstract:【Objective】 Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcci) is one of the most important plant diseases.The aim of the experiment was to study the genetic diversities of Xac in Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces.【Method】The bacterial strains which were collected from 12 cities (counties) of Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces on 12 varieties were investigated with ERIC-PCR.Dendrograms were generated by NTSYS software according to fingerprint features.【Result and conclusion】 The results indicated that 71 Xac strains could be clustered division A and B.All the strains from Jiangxi Province were distributed on division A, while half of the strains from Guangdong Province were distributed on division B. Both division A and B could be seperated into 6 groups at a level of 88% similarity respectively. There were significant genetic diversities of Xac strains from Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces. It showed that the diversity differences of strains from different geographical origins or different varieties were significant.

    • >Biomass energy column
    • Pretreatment method for production of bioethanol with lignocellulosic material

      2014, 35(4):77-84. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.015

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      Abstract:【Objective】 With the increasing concerns on energy crisis and environmental problems, the production of bioethanol from renewable and readily available lignocellulosic biomass has received considerable attention around all over the world. The pretreatment methods of lignocelluloses for bioethanol production are reviewed in this paper to provide the new progress and new ideas for the production of value added products from lignocellulosic materials.【Method】 The primary pretreatment methods of lignocelluloses from the literatures are discussed and their advantages and disadvantages are comparatively investigated.【Result and conclusion】 Because of the complex structure, the conversion of lignocelluose into bioethanol is inefficient due to the crystalline structure of cellulose. The degraded hemicelluloses and lignin in the hydrolyzates produced also cause inhibition in the subsequent fermentation stage and lead to a low bioethanol yield. To obtain a high overall bioethanol yield and achieve an economically feasible production process, the destruction of cellulose crystalline structure and the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses prior to fermentation has the potential to provide the effective bioethanol production. Therefore, many pretreatment methods are applied to destroy the crystalline structure of cellulose, improve the accessibility and hydrolysis efficiency of interior cellulosic macromolecules, and remove lignin and hemicelluloses as well as avoid the inhibitory degradation products.

    • Fruit traits variation and clone selection of Jatropha curcas

      2014, 35(4):85-91. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.016

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      Abstract:【Objective】 In order to study the genetic variability and select superior clone of Jatropha curcas, fruit mass, 100-seed mass, kernel rate, seed rate, seed volume, and oil content were analyzed. 【Method】 The fruit characteristics of 3 years old J. curcas of 33 clones were investigated in Xinhai Forestry Farm Hainan Province. Using cluster analysis, the further selections of these clones were evaluated.【Result and conclusion】 The results showed that there were significant differences in clones of J. curcas. No.18 was the best for the 100-seed mass; the oil content of No.26 and No.20 was better than those of others. 100-seed mass had a significant positive correlation with fruit mass, seed volume, and oil content. However, oil content had no significant correlation with seed rate and seed volume, but it had a significant positive correlation with other character indexes. No.1, No.30, No.18, No.15 and No.25 were selected as the superior clones.

    • Homogeneous modification of sugarcane bagasse with isobutyric anhydride at room temperature

      2014, 35(4):92-96. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.017

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      Abstract:【Objective】 A new method for homogeneous modification of agricultural and forest residues at room temperature was proposed.【Method】 Homogeneous derivatization of sugarcane bagasse with isobutyric anhydride in the dimethyl sulfoxide/ 1-methylimidazole (DMSO/NMI) solvent system was investigated at room temperature in the present study.【Result and conclusion】 Holding reaction time for 180 min, the mass percent gain (WPG) of sugarcane bagasse increased from 10.3% to 49.2% with the increment of the mass ratio of isobutyric anhydride to ball-milled sugarcane bagasse from 1∶1 to 6∶1. The increase of reaction time from 15 min to 45 min resulted in an enhancement of WPG from 25.1% to 27.4%, keeping the mass ratio of isobutyric anhydride to ball-milled sugarcane bagasse at 3∶1. However, further improvement of reaction time led to a decrease in WPG, and the WPG decreased to 24.7% within 240 min under the given conditions. FT-IR and CP/MAS 13C-NMR analyses indicated that the esterification between sugarcane bagasse and isobutyric anhydride did occur at room temperature in DMSO/NMI. The esterification of carbohydrates and lignin with isobutyric anhydride were both confirmed.

    • Studies on the regulation of xylan biosynthesis key enzyme genes in Arabidopsis thaliana

      2014, 35(4):97-102. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.018

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      Abstract:【Objective】 To analyze whether some transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana, known for the secondary cell wall thicken, could regulate the expression of the key genes of xylosyltransferase, such as FRA8, IRX9, IRX10, IRX14, F8H, IRX9-L, IRX10-L and IRX14-L, and observe the phenotype of KNAT7 dominant repression plant.【Method】 Effectors and reporters were constructed by Gateway Technology and the transient transcriptional activation assay was conducted. Construct pCAMBIA1304-p35S∷KNAT7-SRDX recombinant plasmid by Gateway Technology and transform this plasmid into wild A. thaliana via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-floral dip method.【Result and conclusion】 The transient transcriptional activation assay revealed that transcription factors KNAT7, MYB46, ERF72, SND1, NST2 could activate the expression of a number of the key genes of xylosyltransferase. KNAT7 could activate the expression of FRA8, IRX9 and IRX14-L. Furthermore, dominant repression of KNAT7 significantly affected the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. These results indicate that KNAT7 probably plays an important role in the regulation of xylan biosynthesis.

    • Lime pretreatment optimization of Pennisetum purpureum × P. americanum cv. Reyan No.4 for ethanol production

      2014, 35(4):103-108. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.019

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      Abstract:【Objective】 The pretreatment of Pennisetum purpureum × P. americanum cv. Reyan No.4 was studied with lime to improve the conversion rate for ethanol production. 【Method】 The effects of pretreatment time, temperature, the lime dosage, and solid-to-liquid ratio as well as the orthogonal optimization test on the composition and the following enzymatic hydrolysis of ‘Reyan No.4’ were investigated.【Result and conclusion】 The optimal pretreatment conditions were as follows: pretreatment time 3 h, temperature 125 ℃, solid-to-liquid ratio 1∶12 (g·mL-1) and the lime dosage of material 0.15 g·g-1. Under the optimal condition, dry mass loss was 28.1% in lime pretreatment, and the removal rates of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were 65.4%, 37.5%, 6.1%, respectively. The yields of hemicellulose, cellulose and total residue were 45.5%, 85.7%, 55.2%, respectively; in the following enzymatic hydrolysis, they increased 18.1 times, 4.5 times and 4.4 times, respectively, compared with those of untreated ‘Reyan No.4’. The primary factors influencing enzymatic hydrolysis yield were temperature and time, followed by lime dosage and solid-to-liquid ratio.

    • >Agricultural Engineering
    • Orchard environmental monitoring system based on GPRS and ZigBee

      2014, 35(4):109-113. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.020

      Abstract (1704) HTML (0) PDF 1.16 M (2472) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:【Objective】 To design an environmental monitoring and decision support system based on wireless sensor network (WSN).【Method】 The system was assembled by ZigBee-GPRS gateway and wireless sensor nodes,which could monitor remote dynamic of orchard environment. CC2530 was used as wireless data transceiver chip for ZigBee sensor nodes, and ComWay GPRS modem was selected. Ecological information was collected and transmitted for cooperation in a remote PC through ZigBee and GPRS networks accordingly. Irrigation processes were arranged by a decision software.【Result and conclusion】 Data could be transferred between system sensor networks and mobile communication network according to the system. Meanwhile, protocol conversion between different types of sensor networks and integrant sensor network managements could be completed. Further observations showed that the average packet loss rate was lower than 10%. This system could be suitable for orchard applications.

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    • Effects of low temperature on embryonic development of yellow pond turtle, Mauremys mutica

      2014, 35(4):114-116. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.2014.04.021

      Abstract (1537) HTML (0) PDF 344.01 K (2636) Comment (0) Favorites

      Abstract:【Objective】To study the effects of low temperature on embryonic development of yellow pond turtle Mauremys mutica.【Method】Eggs of M. mutica were stored in vermiculite with a water potential of -150 kPa at 14,18,20 ℃ for 30, 60 and 90 days respectively, and then were incubated at 29 ℃ with the same water potential. The characters correlated to embryonic development were measured.【Result and conclusion】All eggs lost mass after being stored at 14, 18 ℃, but there was no difference at 20 ℃. The eggs which were incubated at 29 ℃ increased in mass. There were hatchlings at three temperature treatments. The hatching success rates were very low, with the highest hatching success rate being 33.33%. The incubation period at 29 ℃ of all treatments which hatched out successfully decreased with storage temperature rising and time increasing. Abnormality ratio increased with the storage period extending at low temperatures. The results suggested that embryonic development of yellow pond turtle would be influenced or even die if it was exposed to low temperatures for a long time.