Abstract:全球性化石资源的过度消耗及环境污染问题的日益加剧，严重制约了石油基合成高分子材料产业的发展。以可再生植物油为原料，结合绿色高效的紫外光固化技术，构建植物油基紫外光固化材料“双绿色”应用体系，可望有效替代石油基合成高分子材料，推动植物油在光固化领域的高值化发展。本文综述了近年来植物油基紫外光固化材料的研究进展，介绍了植物油结构与紫外光固化技术之间的联系，重点论述了大豆油、桐油、蓖麻油和亚麻油等典型植物油基紫外光固化材料的研究现状，分析了影响植物油基紫外光固化材料进一步发展的制约因素，并提出了该类材料未来的应用前景。

Abstract:Objective To improve the weak dimensional stability of solid wood products in the environment where oil and water coexist, and further explore the potential application of solid wood in the various fields of public catering service furniture, food and seasoning packaging, kitchen and bathroom furniture as well as wooden products in living- and dining-room.Method Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and hydrochloric acid were mixed according to the volume ratio of 4︰1. After ultrasonic hydrolysis in an ice bath, Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis wood was modified by impregnation. The effects of different MTMS pre-hydrolysis reaction time (0, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min) on hydrophobic and oleophobic characteristics of wood surface were studied. The changes in wood structure and properties before and after modification were comprehensively characterized by scanning electron microscope, contact angle analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analyzer. Result The surface of wood was bonded with low surface energy groups of Si—CH₃, Si—O—Si, Si—OH etc. after modification, and their surface properties were changed from complete infiltration by water and oil to the dual-hydrophobic and oleophobic performance. Furthermore, the water contact angle change of modified wood surface was significantly greater than that of oil contact angle. The water contact angle increased from 73.60° to 88.31° with the increase of the pre-hydrolysis time from 0 to 240 min, while the oil contact angle only had a slight fluctuation around 50.50°. The thermal stability of the MTMS - modified wood was also promoted, the mass residual rate increased, and the maximum thermal degradation temperature was raised by 6 ℃. The final water and oil absorption rate were significantly reduced by 58.83% and 83.90%, respectively. There was an optimum surface dual-hydrophobic and oleophobic performance with the effective impregnation when the pre-hydrolysis time was 30–60 min. Conclusion The facile modification of MTMS provides the theoretical foundation and technical support for the development and utilization of novel hydrophobic and oil-repellent functional wood.

Abstract:Objective This study was to explore the dynamic effects of three kinds of shell biochars on the physical and chemical properties of red soil in southern China, and provide a theoretical basis for improvement of red soil in southern China.Method Three kinds of shell biochars were prepared by slow pyrolysis method and characterized. The dynamic effects of adding three kinds of shell biochars on soil organic matter content, bulk density, pH and available potassium were studied through indoor experiment.Result During the treatment period of 1–90 d, the application of pine nut shell biochar, rice husk biochar and camellia oleifera shell biochar significantly increased the contents of soil organic matter and available potassium. Compared with CK group, within 30–90 d, the content of organic matter increased by 258.94%–284.92% in 5% (w) pine husk biochar application treatment, and the content of available potassium increased by 429.98%–716.58% in 5% (w) rice husk biochar application treatment. During 1–90 d, the application of rice husk biochar decreased the bulk density of red soil, and within 30–90 d, the application of 5% (w) rice husk biochar decreased the bulk density of red soil by 9.72% –15.38% compared with CK group. During 1–90 d, the application of camellia shell biochar significantly increased soil pH , and within 30–90 d, the application of 5% (w) camellia shell biochar increased soil pH by 16.91%–29.53% compared with CK group. In addition, the effects of different application amounts of pine nut shell biochar on soil physical and chemical properties showed that the application of 8% (w) pine nut shell biochar could steadily increase soil organic matter content, pH and available potassium content, as well as decrease soil bulk density during the treatment period of 1–90 d.Conclusion Different shell-based biochar can all improve soil characteristics, increase soil organic matter and soil available potassium contents. The application of pine nut shell biochar may have a more significant effect on improving soil organic matter content, and the application of rice hull biochar may have a more significant effect on reducing soil bulk density and increasing available potassium content, and the application of camellia oleifera shell biochar may have a more significant effect on increasing soil pH.

Abstract:Objective To explore the changes of soil bacterial community diversity and function after planting ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.), and the effects of biochar application on soil bacterial community diversity and function. Method The field experiments with different biomass charcoals were conducted to improve the soil of continuous cropping ginseng field, and the changes of bacterial community diversity and function were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology.Result The bacteria number of Spartobacteria_genera_incertae_sedis, Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas, Afipia, Gp1, Gp2, Gp3, Gp6, and Rummeliibacillus in the soil after planting ginseng significantly decreased, indicating that cultivating ginseng or ginseng root secretions might inhibit the growth of these bacteria. In addition, the number of Gaiella bacteria in soil of planting ginseng field increased significantly, and further increased after applying biochar, indicating that all cultivating ginseng, ginseng root exudates and applying biochar could promote the growth of bacteria. Compared with the new forest soil, the number of soil bacteria, community diversity, bacterial taxonomic composition and the proportion of dominant genera in the continuous cropping ginseng field declined to varying degrees, and showed an increase in proportion of single dominant population. Biomass charcoal treatment had a certain positive regulation effect on the above-mentioned deterioration trend, and the change trend of bacterial classification and quantity tends to those of the new forest soil. The biomass charcoal assisted in improving bacteria chromatin structure and dynamics, transcription, replication recombination and repair, signal transduction mechanism and cell defense function. Conclusion Biochar application can improve soil bacterial diversty, regulate bacterial community structure and function, and make soil development of continuous cropping ginseng field in a good direction. The result provides therotical reference for soil restoration and ginseng cultivation in the continuous cropping ginseng field.

Abstract:Objective To explore the feasibility of using bio-based polylactic acid composites to directly construct microporous scaffolds by 3D printing.Method Thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter were used to explore the thermal properties of bio-based polylactic acid composites, scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the microscopic morphology of the bio-scaffold, and the live/dead cell staining was used for detecting cell adhesion of the scaffold. Result The prepared 0.6%ADC-PHAP and 40%NaCl-PHAP composites had good thermal stability and processability, and were suitable for the fused deposition modeling 3D printing process. When the compressive strain was 80%, the corresponding compressive stresses of the 0.6%ADC-PHAP and 40%NaCl-PHAP scaffolds were 45.27 and 52.11 MPa, respectively. The initial decomposition temperature of the 0.6%ADC-PHAP composite was 19.5 ℃ lower than that of the 40%NaCl-PHAP composite. The porosity of the 0.6%ADC-PHAP scaffold reached 63.33% which was conducive to cell adhesion, and the cell compatibility was better than that of the 40%NaCl-PHAP scaffold. Conclusion The bio-based polylactic acid composites can be used to directly construct microporous bio-scaffolds through fused deposition modeling 3D printing, and the prepared 0.6%ADC-PHAP bio-scaffold has certain application potential.

Abstract:Objective The aerogel sodium ion battery separator with electrochemical performance exceeding that of glass fiber was prepared using carboxy methyl cellulose sodium (CMC) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) as raw materials, and the effect of cross-linking temperature on pore structure of the separator was explored to realize the electrochemistry performance exceeding that of glass fibre.Method The sol-gel method and freeze-drying method were used to prepare CMC-PAA aerogel sheets, supplemented by high temperature cross-linking to stabilize the pore structure. The influence of temperature on the diaphragm was explored through microscopic testing and mechanical performance characterization. The charge-discharge specific capacities of sodium ion half cell with separators of CMC-PAA and glass fibre were compared.Result With the increase of cross-linking temperature, the cross-linking degree of the carboxyl group of PAA and the hydroxyl group of CMC in the diaphragm increased. As a result, the pore size and porosity of the diaphragm slightly decreased; The elongation at break of the separator appeared to first increase and then to decrease. When the aerogel battery separator was prepared with a mass ratio of CMC︰PAA=1︰1 and a cross-linking temperature of 130 ℃, the charge-discharge specific capacity of the sodium ion battery exhibited 345.8, 317.3, 274.2, 136.8, 84.8, 61.8 and 341.4 mA·h/g at charge-discharge rates of 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1 000 and 25 mA/g current densities, showing better properties than those of glass fibres (279.0, 233.1, 190.5, 105.9, 69.6, 49.4, and 275.1 mA·h/g) under the same conditions. 130 ℃-CMC-PAA exhibited a much higher electrochemistry performance than conventional commercial polyolefin diaphragms due to its smaller electrolyte leakage rate, which resulted in an ionic conductivity of 1.877 mS/cm and a resistance of 5.52 Ω. Conclusion The application of battery separators made of two water-soluble materials of CMC and PAA under 130 ℃ cross-linking in sodium ion batteries has good potentials, having better electrochemistry performance than glass fiber.

Abstract:Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of perfuorooctanoic aid(PFOA) on mouse oocytes. Method One hundred and sixty 6-week-old Kunming female mice with similar body weight were divided randomly into four groups, with five replicates in each group and eight mice in each replicate. After 7 days of adaptation, the mice were fed with different doses of PFOA for 14 days. The daily doses for control, low, medium, and high dose groups were 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg respectively. Then the mice were superovulated with injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and the oocytes were obtained for detection.Result Compared to the control group, the oocyte maturation rates of mice in the middle and high dose groups decreased by 14.28% and 28.17% respectively, while the contents of reactive oxygen species in oocytes increased by 135% and 177% respectively. The proportions of β-tubulin with abnormal morphology and irregular chromosomes in oocytes increased by 65.06% and 75.60% respectively. In addition, the proportions of (Phospho-histone H2A.X, P-H2A.X) in oocytes of low, medium and high dose groups increased by 47%, 133% and 1.71% respectively compared with the control.Conclusion Mice fed with PFOA may decrease their oocyte maturation rate by inducing the increase of reactive oxygen species, DNA double strand break and cytoskeleton damage in oocytes.

Abstract:Objective Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius) and Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky), two kinds of phytophagous ladybeetles in China, are destructive pests causing great damage to solanaceous plants. They are difficult to distinguish based on external morphological characteristics, and it is therefore necessary to develop a rapid and accurate method to differentiate them.Method We established a molecular identification technique using species-specific (SS) PCR primers based on the species-specificity of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) of two ladybeetles. Two pairs of SS-mtCOI primers, Hvp and Hvm, were designed based on sequence variations in the mtCOI gene between H. vigintioctopunctata and H. vigintioctomaculata.Result PCR amplifications were conducted using these two primers and both had species-specific amplifications. Sensitivity assays were conducted under different DNA concentrations, and the results showed that Hvp primers for H. vigintioctopunctata had a detectable amplification band at a DNA concentration of 3.13 mg/L, while Hvm primers for H. vigintioctomaculata had a detectable amplification band at a DNA concentration of 2.43 mg/L. The egg or 1st instar of H. vigintioctopunctata and H. vigintioctomaculata could also be accurately differentiated by Hvp and Hvm primers. Furthermore, six field populations of H. vigintioctopunctata collected from six provinces could be authenticated by the Hvp primers.Conclusion These two pairs of SS-mtCOI primers can differentiate H. vigintioctopunctata and H. vigintioctomaculata rapidly, accurately and sensitively.

Abstract:Objective Isolating and identifying Ralstonia solanacearum strains from tomato plants in the Southern of Jiangxi Province, and clarifying the bacterial differentiation can lay the foundation for local tomato bacterial wilt resistance breeding and disease control.Method The diseased tomato plants were collected from the south of Jiangxi Province, R. solanacearum strains with different geographical origins were isolated by selective plate, purificated and identificated by PCR. The test of physiology and biochemistry and inoculation on tomato plants were conducted for the determination of biovar and virulence difference. The endoglucanase gene (egl) fragments were amplified by PCR to determine the phylotype and sequevar of R. solanacearum.Result A total of 44 R. solanacearum strains were obtained from nine cities (counties) in the south of Jiangxi Province, among which 41 strains were identified as biovar III and three strains were identified as biovar IV. According to the results of virulence difference, 44 strains were clustered into three groups, namely group I (high virulence), group II (moderate virulence) and group III (weak virulence), of which group I (high virulence) strains accounted for 65.9%. All strains were belonged to the phylotype I and further divided into eight sequevars, namely Sequevar 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 34, 44 and 48 respeclively. Most R. solanacearum strains were sensitive to the eight tested bacteriophages.Conclusion The strains of R. solanacearum from tomato in the south of Jiangxi Province are mainly biovar III and high virulence, sensitive to bacteriophages, have eight sequevars, and have obvious differentiation and genetic diversity.

Abstract:Objective In order to improve the efficiency of guided-pesticides screening and accelerate the research and development of molecular design, synthesis and screening of guided-pesticides, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe based on Arabidopsis thaliana amino acid transporter AtLHT1 was constructed as guided-pesticide screening platform in this study.Method The sandwich molecular probe of CFP-LHT1-YFP was constructed and expressed in prokaryotic cell of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and BY4741 yeast cell, respectively, then identified and purified. The change of FRET efficiency was detected with fluorescence microplate reader and laser scanning confocal microscope.Result The CFP-AtLHT1-YFP fusion protein probe was purified and mixed with the tested amino acids and glyphosate, respectively. The addition of the tested amino acids and glyphosate resulted in significant changes in the FRET ratio of the probe protein. Glyphosate treatment resulted in the D_{535 nm}/D_{480 nm} increase of 7% to 12%. The similar tendency was also observed in the treatments of positive ligands using glycine and glutamic acid, but no obvious change was observed in the treatment of negative ligand using arginine. The FRET ratio showed substrate concentration dependence. At 20 min after the addition of 1, 5 and 30 mmol/L glycine, the increase of D_{535 nm}/D_{480 nm} were 3%, 1% and 13% respectively. FRET ratio increased with the increase of subatrate concentration in treatments with positive ligand, while the changes were not regular in treatments with negative ligand. Significant changes in FRET efficiency were also detected in individual yeast cells after treatment with amino acids or glyphosate using the photobleaching method. Changes in FRET efficiency were more pronounced with the addition of positive controls of glycine and glutamic acid, with 30% FRET efficiency for glycine and 26% for glutamic acid. The addition of glyphosate resulted in 26% FRER efficiency which was close to that of glutamic acid. The blank control containing PBS buffer showed no significant change in FRET efficiency.Conclusion The AtLHT1-FRET probe can bind to the neutral amino acid glycine and the acidic amino acid glutamic acid, but not to the basic amino acid arginine. The FRET efficiency varies among different substrates with some concentration dependence. It is demonstrated that glyphosate can be transported by the amino acid transporter protein AtLHT1.

Abstract:Objective Nanocarrier was used as pesticide carrier to improve the utilization ratio of pesticide.Method Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) were synthesized by self-template method using water as etchant on the basis of solid mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). Botanical pesticide rotenone was loaded into HMSNs (Rot@HMSNs) by solvent evaporation method. The sustained-release property and insecticidal activity of Rot@HMSNs were determined. Distribution of rotenone in Rot@HMSNs of cucumber was obtained by HPLC.Result The particle size of HMSNs was about 250 nm and the specific surface area was 999.4 m²/g. The prepared Rot@HMSNs had uniform particle size and a considerable loading rate of rotenone (46.7%). The Rot@HMSNs had good releasing performance and the release model was in accordance with the Ritger-Peppas model. HMSNs significantly improved the uptake and translocation abilities of rotenone in cucumber plants.Conclusion The utilization rate of rotenone can be improved by nanocarrier HMSNs. The study is of great significance for reducing pesticide use and environmental pollution.

Abstract:Objective This study was aimed to clarify the biological classification of the diuron-degrading strain SL-6 obtained by screening and isolation, and optimize its degradation conditions for providing a new way to degrade diuron.Method Diuron-degrading strain SL-6 was isolated in the soil of cotton field by enrichment culture, and identified by 16S rDNA and nrdA gene sequence analysis combined with morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. HPLC method was used to detect the degradation effect of SL-6 strain on diuron, and the degradation abilities of the strain under different initial concentrations of diuron, inoculation amount, sucrose content, pH and temperature conditions were studied and the degradation conditions were optimized. Result Seven strains were isolated from soil of cotton field. Among them, Achromobacter strains SL-6, SL-7 and SL-9 had good degradation effects on diuron and the degradation kinetics conformed to the degradation kinetics equation. Among the three strains, A. xylosoxidans SL-6 had the best degradation effect, with the degradation rate of 94.6% on the 15th day. When the initial concentration of diuron was 200 mg/L, inoculation amount was 15% (φ), carbon source was not added, pH was 8.0 and temperature was 30 ℃, the degradation rate reached 93.1% after five days. Conclusion Strain SL-6 can efficiently degrade diuron, and can be used as a new strain resource. This study provide a basis for further research on microbial degradation of diuron.

Abstract:Objective While detecting the concentration of organophosphorus pesticides in natural water by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy method, the detection accuracy was easily interfered by the turbidity caused by suspended solids in the natural water, therefore the natural water containing organophosphorus pesticides was needed to be pretreated (filtered) before detection. This paper studied the effects of different filtration conditions on the absorption spectra and concentration prediction models of organophosphorus pesticides in natural water.Method Methyl parathion was selected as the research object, meanwhile pond water, farmland water and canal water were used as diluents to prepare experimental samples with different concentration gradients. The study used 400 mesh (40 μm pore size) gauze, 5 μm filter membrane, 0.45 μm filter membrane to filter three kinds of natural water-organophosphorus pesticide solutions respectively, and used the turbidity sensor to detect the turbidity of natural water before and after filtration. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy detection system was built to obtain the spectrum data of experimental sample before and after filtration, combining with chemometric methods to construct quantitative prediction models for methyl parathion.Result The turbidity of three kinds of natural water obviously decreased after filtration by 5 and 0.45 μm filter membranes. Methyl parathion had only two characteristic peaks in three kinds of natural water, which were located at about 225 and 275 nm respectively in samples with all tested mass concentrations before and after filtering by different filtration conditions. On the whole, filtration enhanced the linear relationship between the concentration and optical density of methyl parathion solutions, the filtered natural water-methyl parathion solution spectra models had high prediction accuracy and could be used for quantitative analysis. Among three filtration conditions used in this study, the 5 μm filter membrane had the best filtration effect, which could remove the turbidity disturbance and the organophosphorus pesticides spectra model had high prediction accuracy.Conclusion The filtered models of methyl parathion have less turbidity interference and are more suitable for practical application detection. This study provides a theoretical basis for pretreatment of rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticide concentration in natural water by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy.

Abstract:Objective A goose incubator monitoring system based on programmable logic controller (PLC) and cloud platform was designed in order to improve the incubation performance of goose eggs, and to solve the problems of low automation, large temperature fluctuations, poor temperature robustness, and complex on-site operations in the incubation process of the existing goose incubator.Method Based on the technological requirements in the incubation process of goose eggs and the working principle of the goose incubator, PLC was used as the main controller to design the hardware circuit and software program of the system which could realize the automatic control of temperature, humidity, turning eggs and water spraying of the incubator. The human-machine interaction interface for on-site monitoring of the incubator was designed with a touch screen and the configuration software. Moreover, the remote monitoring system was designed with general packet radio service (GPRS) smart gateway, cloud platform server and mobile terminal. When the system was working, the GPRS smart gateway read the memory data in the PLC and uploaded the data to the cloud platform server through the 4G/5G network. The mobile terminal could directly access and download the data in the cloud platform server, and the data were presented as a chart on the WeChat official account, APP or webpage.Result The monitoring system was stable and in good condition. The temperature sampling data were highly robust and 100% met the control requirements in the incubation process. The automatic control helped to improve the automation level of the goose hatching machine. In the hatching production test, the average hatching rate of fertilized goose eggs was 87.84%, which was 1.44% higher than the current highest record.Conclusion The system can meet the hatching requirements of goose eggs, and has high control accuracy. It achieves the automatic control, on-site monitoring and remote monitoring of the goose incubator and has a good human-machine interaction interface. It has guiding significance for promoting the development of agricultural equipment automation and informatization.

Abstract:Objective In order to improve the accuracy of mechanized seeding of Panax notoginseng, according to the characteristics of small row spacing of P. notoginseng, a new type of seed guide tube was studied.Method The mechanical model was established with and without seed guide tube, respectively. The experiment was carried out in soil trough through the three-factor-five-level quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination experiment with seed release height, seeder forward speed and seed release angle as the experimental factors, and the standard deviation of distance deviation between theoretical seeding point and actual seeding point, and bounce rate as the experimental indexes. With Design-Expert 10.0.3 software, the regression equation between test factors and indexes and the mathematical model of multi-objective optimization were established to get the best combination of seeding parameters. Under the optimal combination of parameters, high-speed camera technology was used to obtain the seed motion trajectory, and the curve equation of seed motion trajectory was studied by image processing technology and curve fitting method. With EDEM software, the cross-section size of seed guide tube was simulated and analyzed, and the cross-section size was determined. Seed guide tube was manufactured using 3D printing technology and seeding verification test was carried out.Result The common factors affecting seed motion with and without the seed guide tube were circumferential speed of seed merering device, seed release height and seed release angle. Through orthogonal rotation combination test, the optimal combination of seeding parameters was as follows: The seed release height was 20 cm, the seeder forward speed was 7.8 m/min and the seed release angle was 42°. Without seed guide tube, the standard deviation of distance deviation between theoretical seeding point and actual seeding point was 51.66 mm, and the bounce rate was 72.31%. The exit and entrance cross-section sizes of the developed seed guide tube were 26 mm×30 mm and 26 mm×60 mm, respectively. The verification test results showed that after installing the new seed guide tube, the standard deviation of distance deviation between theoretical seeding point and actual seeding point was 26.90 mm and the bounce rate was 45.20%.Conclusion The new seed guide tube satisfies the requirement of the mechanized seeding of P. notoginseng, the seeding accuracy after installing the new seed guide tube is obviously improved. The research results provide a reference basis for the design and field seeding application of the seed guide tube of P. notoginseng seedling seeder.