With the increasing size and the gradual differentiation from the inside of the floating population, the impoverished part of floating population has become one of the main component of urban poverty in China. Based on the dynamic monitoring data of China"s floating population in 2014, the article has adopted quantile regression, two-layer linear regression and two-layer nonlinear regression to analyze the poverty situation and the influence factors of the floating population. The results indicate that the poverty of the floating population is mainly manifested as relative poverty, and the incidence of consumption poverty is much higher than income poverty. The relative poverty mainly consists of persistent relative poverty and selective relative poverty, with a relatively small proportion of temporary relative poverty. The relative poverty can be significantly influenced by some individual and family factors and inflow regional factors, as individual and family factors having more impact. Moreover, the degrees of influence by different factors are quite different at various points of quantile regression. In the long run, the poverty alleviation of the floating population should be incorporated in the overall program of poverty alleviation.