Abstract：Based on provincial panel data from 2000 to 2017, the paper uses SDM model to study the spatial effect of rural human capital structure on urban-rural income gap, And further decomposes into direct effects and space spillover effects for comparative analysis. The results show: (1) There is a significant positive spatial agglomeration effect in the urban-rural income gap in China, and this spatial agglomeration effect is closely related to the level of regional economic development; (2) The characteristics of the spatial agglomeration effect of primary, intermediate and senior rural human capital show obvious spatial heterogeneity: The majority of primary rural human capital is concentrated in western provinces, and the majority of intermediate rural human capital is concentrated in provinces where modern agriculture is relatively developed. However, The high concentration of senior rural human capital experienced a dynamic shift from the northeast region to the Yangtze River Delta region; (3) Intermediate and senior rural human capital has significantly reduced the urban-rural income gap in this region and its neighboring areas, but intermediate rural human capital has a greater role, but the impact of primary rural human capital on the urban-rural income gap is not significant.