Based on panel data from 34 prefecture level cities in Northeast China from 2010 to 2020, the spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of high-quality agricultural development in Northeast urban agglomerations were explored using entropy weight grey correlation method, kernel density estimation, Moran index, spatial variation function, and obstacle factor model. Research shows that during the inspection period, the overall level of high-quality agricultural development in the Northeast urban agglomeration showed a fluctuating upward trend. In terms of average level, Jilin Province>Heilongjiang Province>Liaoning Province. In terms of spatial distribution, high-quality agricultural development is mainly concentrated in the eastern part of Liaoning Province, the western part of Jilin Province, and the eastern part of Heilongjiang Province. In terms of spatial correlation pattern, the overall trend shows positive correlation, while the local trend shows different agglomeration characteristics. In terms of influencing factors, the spatial structural impact is gradually increasing, the random impact is gradually decreasing, and the overall spatial differences are decreasing, but there is still local imbalance. Green development and technological support have become the main obstacles. Optimizing agricultural planning, focusing on technological innovation, and promoting coordinated development of urban agriculture are important ways to improve the high-quality development of agriculture in the Northeast urban agglomeration.