Promoting agricultural insurance is an important measure to enhance farmers' awareness of risk prevention and improve their ability to cope with agricultural production risks. Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2021, this paper constructs an indicator system to measure the level of agricultural production resilience in each province, and analyzes the evolution in time and space. The internal logic of agricultural insurance to improve agricultural production resilience is further clarified from three aspects of resistance, resilience and change, and empirical tests are carried out. The results showed that the resilience level of agricultural production in all regions increased to a certain extent during the sample period, but the growth rate slowed down, and fewer regions were at the high resilience level on the whole. During the same period, the resilience level of agricultural production in provinces with large grain and strong economy was generally higher than that in other provinces. Agricultural insurance as a whole can significantly improve the resilience of agricultural production, and this effect is still valid after a series of robustness tests. The effect of agricultural insurance on the resilience and innovation of agricultural production is significantly positive, but the effect on the resistance is not significant. Heterogeneity analysis showed that the improvement effect was larger and more significant in major grain-producing provinces and areas with high disaster rate.