On the basis of measuring the resilience of grain production, using inter provincial panel data from 2008 to 2021 in China, a fixed effects model and a mediation effect model were selected to empirically test the impact of non-agricultural labor transfer on grain production resilience and its possible mechanisms. The research results indicate that non-agricultural transfer of agricultural labor can significantly enhance the resilience of food production. Mechanism verification found that non-agricultural transfer of agricultural labor mainly improves the resilience of grain production by promoting moderate scale operation of agricultural land. Heterogeneity analysis found that in the main grain producing areas and northern regions with less terrain fluctuations, the non-agricultural transfer of agricultural labor has a more significant effect on improving the resilience of grain production. Based on this, it is necessary to encourage the non-agricultural transfer of agricultural labor, establish and improve the trading system of agricultural land transfer market, promote moderate scale operation of agricultural land and increase farmers' income from grain cultivation, in order to effectively enhance the internal driving force and resilience level of increasing grain production, quality and efficiency.