Modernization of agriculture and rural areas is a major task in comprehensively building a socialist modernized country, and its essence is the modernization of productivity. New quality productivity (NQP) is a new advanced productivity with innovation as its core. This kind of new techno-economic paradigm of NQP marks the entry of the era of modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics, providing fundamental guidance for agricultural and rural modernization and endowing it with new connotations. By exerting the substitution and complementary effect of disruptive innovative technologies for general innovative technologies, institutional innovations will be induced, so the NQP will become the engine of modernization in agriculture and rural areas. However, the current modernization of agriculture and rural areas in China still faces practical problems such as weak innovation capabilities in agricultural science and technology, insufficient supply of new factors of production and new forms of business, insufficient innovation of new type of production relationship, imperfection for urban-rural factor market, which are not coordinated and matched with the development requirements of NQP. So, it is urgent to integrate innovation throughout the entire process of agricultural and rural modernization, accelerate the upgrading of production factors, the transformation of production methods, and the enhancement of rural kinetic energy, corresponding policy measures should also be provided.