Chinas major grain-producing regions have long faced the development dilemma of ″high grain production but weak economy and poor fiscal capacity″. Establishing and improving the benefit compensation mechanism for these regions has strategic significance for ensuring national food security, promoting coordinated regional development, and achieving common prosperity. This paper aims to uncover the underlying logic behind the establishment of the benefit compensation mechanism for major grain-producing regions，identify theoretical shortcomings and practical bottlenecks of the current mechanism，and propose innovative pathways and policy recommendations. Through analyzing relevant policies and statistical data, and applying public goods theory, externality theory, and regional balanced development theory, the study conducts a comparative analysis of food security responsibilities and regional development conditions between grain-producing and grain-consuming regions，demonstrating the necessity and rationality of establishing a benefit compensation mechanism. The research finds that the theoretical foundation of the current compensation mechanism needs improvement, and compensation standards lack scientific measurement methods. In practice, the central governments vertical compensation efforts need to be strengthened, grain-consuming regions show notable absence in sharing food security responsibilities, and the spatial scope of the compensation mechanism is not clearly defined.Future efforts should focus on deepening theoretical research on compensation mechanisms, constructing a comprehensive compensation system combining vertical and horizontal approaches, developing scientific measurement methods for compensation standards, clarifying mechanisms for the use of compensation funds, and optimizing grain production distributions dynamically, to promote the synergistic advancement of national food security and regional balanced development.