Breaking through the long - standing "static trinity" paradigm in agricultural production factors, which focuses narrowly on land, labor, and capital, to achieve innovative allocation of agricultural production factors and transform the operational logic and boundary dimensions of agricultural systems is a crucial step in cultivating and developing agricultural new quality productive forces. However, existing research lacks a systematic theoretical explanation and mechanism analysis of how innovative factor allocation drives agricultural new quality productive forces. Therefore, based on clarifying the connotation of innovative allocation of agricultural production factors and its dialectical relationship with agricultural new quality productive forces, this article explores the theoretical evolution of the driving force of innovative allocation of production factors on productivity development. Based on the triple mechanism of "attribute activation, structural coupling, and institutional regulation" and the theoretical logic of "upgrading and transformation of new and old factors - allocation mechanism - productivity leap", a theoretical framework for innovative allocation of production factors driving agricultural new quality productive forces is constructed. Furthermore, from a systematic perspective of "traditional factors emerging factors new and old factors transformation", the core obstacles to innovative allocation of agricultural production factors were diagnosed, and the overall idea, implementation path, and relevant policy recommendations for driving agricultural new quality productive forces through innovative allocation of production factors were proposed. This study enriches the factor dimension of research on agricultural new quality productive forces, providing a theoretical basis and practical insights for optimizing the allocation of agricultural production factors and developing agricultural new quality productive forces.