Plant fertility regulation and reproductive development are not only essential for plant reproduction, but also the genetic basis of hybrid crop breeding. Post-translational protein modifications are the important regulation mechanism of different activities during plant development. In recent years, the molecular networks of fertility regulation and reproductive development in plants have been greatly advanced. However, very few reviews focus on how post-translational protein modifications involve in the plant fertility control. In this review, we summarize the function of phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and glycosylation on male fertility regulation, which provides some insights into further studies.