Abstract:The base editing technology is developed from the CRISPR/Cas gene editing systems, which can perform accurate base or gene editing at the DNA level. Recent years, six types of novel DNA base editors have been developed for the editing of nuclear and organellar genomes, including the cytosine base editor (CBE), the adenine base editor (ABE), the glycosylase base editor (GBE), the adenine and cytosine dual base editor (DBE), the prime editor (PE) and the mitochondrial genome editor. In this review, we summarize the principles, optimization processes and current advances of the above six DNA editors and focus on their application in crop genetic improvement. Finally, the future development of base editing technology is prospected.

Abstract:减数分裂是真核生物有性生殖产生染色体数目减半的单倍体配子所必需的生命过程。重组是减数分裂的核心事件之一，既增加了同源染色体间遗传信息的交换，又保证了其在减数分裂后期Ⅰ的正确分离。因此，减数分裂重组不仅增加了后代遗传多样性，还是作物遗传育种的基础。通过提高重组频率或改变其分布可以加速农作物育种进程，而降低或抑制重组可以固定杂种优势。近年来对植物减数分裂重组的分子遗传机制的研究取得了很大进展，包括重组的遗传和表观遗传调控机制，重组的遗传操控技术、固定杂交优势和染色体工程等方面。本文针对以上方面进行了全面的总结，这些内容不仅方便了读者对减数分裂重组的理论认知，还拓展了通过调控减数分裂重组操控生物育种的思路。

Abstract:Plant fertility regulation and reproductive development are not only essential for plant reproduction, but also the genetic basis of hybrid crop breeding. Post-translational protein modifications are the important regulation mechanism of different activities during plant development. In recent years, the molecular networks of fertility regulation and reproductive development in plants have been greatly advanced. However, very few reviews focus on how post-translational protein modifications involve in the plant fertility control. In this review, we summarize the function of phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and glycosylation on male fertility regulation, which provides some insights into further studies.

Abstract:Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a strictly autogamous crop. Floret-opening-time (FOT) is an important agronomic trait in rice, which is complicatedly regulated by internal factors (plant hormones, genetic factors, etc.) and external environmental factors (temperature, light, humidity, CO₂ concentration, etc.). Floret opening at an appropriate time is very critical for the success of rice reproduction. If the floret opens too early in the morning, rice is vulnerable to pathogen infection caused by low temperature and heavy dew. In contrast, if the floret opens too late, the seed setting of rice would be severely affected by high temperature in the afternoon. Moreover, synchronized FOT between the male and female parents is a key requirement for successful production of hybrid seeds. In this review, we summarize the research progresses on the regulation of FOT in rice, mainly focusing on the aspects including the structural basis, physiological basis, genetic basis and molecular mechanism of controlling rice floret opening. We also present some important topics for future in-depth studies of FOT. Finally, we discuss the value of modulating FOT trait for improving rice production and indica-japonica inter-subspecies hybrid rice breeding.

Abstract:Two-line hybrid rice based on environment-sensitive genic male sterility plays an important role in ensuring food security in our country. At present, dozens of environment-sensitive male sterility genes have been found in rice, and some of them have been cloned and their regulatory mechanisms have been studied in detail. In this paper, we reviewed the application and molecular mechanisms of RNA metabolism, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, pollen wall synthesis and amino acid metabolism of environment-sensitive genic male sterility in rice. Finally, challenges and corresponding countermeasures of environment-sensitive genic male sterility research in rice are also analyzed and proposed.

Abstract:With the continuing growth of population and the decrease in arable lands, the global food crisis is becoming a serious problem for human beings. Therefore, further improving crop yield is important for our country to ensure food production safety. Photosynthesis is the material basis for crop yield, and the crop improvement focusing on increasing photosynthetic efficiency via modern breeding technologies is considered to be a new round of “Green revolution”. In this review, we summarize recent advances, current challenges, and applications in enhancing plant carbon assimilation through different approaches, including improving the carboxylation activity of Rubisco, introducing C₄ photosynthesis into C₃ crops, and reducing photorespiration. We also propose promising research emphasis and directions for imporving photosynthetic carbon assimilation of plants.

Abstract:In response to varied nutrient availability in soil, plants exhibit high physiological and developmental plasticity to integrate and coordinate the information of nutrient sensing between shoots and roots, and systematically regulate the whole-plant nutrient response and growth and development. This signal transduction process largely relies on the transportation of signal molecules via vascular systems, so-called long-distance signaling. Although plants require numerous mineral elements from the soil, the major nutrients that limit plant productivity are nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Recent studies have elucidated that various mobile signals, such as small proteins, peptides, and microRNAs, are responsible for long-distance signaling of N and P. Here, we summarize the long-distance signal molecules identified in N and P nutrition and their related signal transduction mechanisms, provide an overview of the influence of light signals on the long-distance signal of N and P, and also discuss the future research direction of long-distance signals.

Abstract:呕吐毒素是对粮谷、饲料原料和饲料等污染最为普遍和严重的真菌毒素之一，畜禽摄入呕吐毒素污染的饲料会出现呕吐、腹泻、拒食和体重减轻等急、慢性的中毒症状，严重的可导致死亡，威胁着畜禽的健康养殖。呕吐毒素的毒理机制和代谢转化是农业和食品领域的研究热点。本文主要从呕吐毒素的细胞毒理机制、生物防治方法和脱毒微生物的筛选研究等方面，综述近年来国内外的研究进展，为防控呕吐毒素对畜禽的危害提供参考。

Abstract:靶向降解技术是一类利用真核细胞内天然存在的降解机制对胞内有害物质进行特异降解、以维持和改善细胞稳态的重要技术。该技术主要通过泛素?蛋白酶体系统 (Ubiquitin-proteasome system，UPS) 和自噬?溶酶体途径 (Autophagy-lysosome pathway)，特异性清除细胞内错误折叠或聚集的蛋白质、大分子复合物、受损或老化的细胞器及一些非蛋白类物质。其中基于细胞自噬的靶向降解技术具有专一性强、底物种类广泛等诸多特征，使其成为一备受期待的技术，有望应用于神经退行性疾病、代谢性疾病等多种疾病的治疗。目前这一技术的应用潜能还远未被完全开发，特别是在植物研究领域。本综述首先详细介绍了各类基于自噬?溶酶体途径的靶向降解技术的作用机制、特点以及优势；并且结合华南农业大学李发强教授课题组的研究工作，着重介绍了设计和改造植物选择性自噬衔接蛋白方面的研究和设想，以期达到将对植物生长发育不利的因子经由细胞自噬转运并区室化隔离于液泡的目的，进而开发能够抵御病毒侵染或抵抗有害物质的农作物新品种；最后展望了靶向自噬的降解技术在植物科学研究和农业生产中的潜在应用前景和所面临的挑战。

Abstract:Autophagy is a highly conserved and important degradation pathway in eukaryotes during evolution. Damaged proteins or organelles are wrapped into autophagic vesicles with bilayer membrane structure, they are then transported to lysosomes(animals) or vacuoles(yeast and plants) for degradation, and finally the recycling of cell contents is completed. With the in-depth study of autophagy in animals and yeast, people are paying more and more attention to plant autophagy, and the related research is gradually expanding from model plants to crops. To better understand the effects of autophagy in crop yield, quality and resistance, etc, we summarized the recent advances in autophagy in crop plants, and discussed the regulatory mechanism of autophagy in the formation of important agronomic traits in depth. This paper will provide references for further improving crop agronomic traits and agricultural production efficiency.

Abstract:生物钟是生物在适应环境中进化出的一种内源性计时机制，能帮助生物“预判”环境的周期性变化，提前调整生命活动，以增强其环境适应性。生物钟对植物生长发育和病虫害防御至关重要。在不同的时间，病原菌及昆虫对植物的侵害能力不同，生物钟能帮助植物“预测”病原菌和昆虫的攻击时间，提前激活定时防御，这种依赖时间的门控效应方式调节特定病原侵害可以减少不必要的能量消耗，增强防御能力。另一方面，植物在受到生物胁迫时，体内的激素、活性氧和离子稳态等水平的变化，能反馈调节并重塑生物钟。研究生物钟和免疫的关系有助于提高重要经济作物的抗病能力，减少农药使用并提高作物产量。本文主要阐述植物生物钟与植物免疫互作的分子机制。并对未来生物钟和免疫关系的研究在作物中的应用进行了展望。

Abstract:分泌囊是柑橘属Citrus植物普遍存在的结构，是药用成分合成、积累的主要场所。目前研究显示柑橘属植物分泌囊以裂溶生方式发生，其分泌细胞的发育过程是细胞程序化死亡的过程。虽然如此，但是分泌囊发生发育过程的研究已经有百年的历程。本文重点介绍了柑橘属植物分泌囊的起源、发生发育方式和细胞程序化死亡过程，以期为分泌囊形态建成的未来研究提供参考。

Abstract:无膜细胞器是缺乏分隔膜的细胞区室。无膜细胞器在多个生物学过程中发挥着关键作用，包括基因转录、RNA 代谢、翻译、蛋白质修饰和信号转导等。细胞在受到外界刺激时，会产生应激反应，维持细胞稳态。而由液–液相分离 (Liquid-liquid phase separation) 驱动而形成的无膜细胞器具有类液体特性，可以快速响应压力，在细胞应激反应中发挥重要作用。本文以应激颗粒、P–小体、核仁和卡哈尔体为无膜细胞器代表，总结了无膜细胞器与应激反应的关系，以及无膜细胞器与疾病的联系。

Abstract:3–酮脂酰ACP还原酶属于短链醇脱氢酶/还原酶(SDR)超家族蛋白，参与细菌脂肪酸及相关物质合成，负责催化3–酮脂酰ACP还原为3–羟脂酰ACP。3–酮脂酰ACP还原酶在细菌中广泛存在，且氨基酸序列较为保守，然而其生物学功能却展现出多样性。本文对近年来细菌3–酮脂酰ACP还原酶的结构特性、生物学功能和抑制剂等方面的研究进展进行综述，为加深对3–酮脂酰ACP还原酶的理解和抗菌药物的开发提供有益的借鉴。

Abstract:药物转运体介导种类不同、结构各异的药物跨越细胞膜，影响药物在各组织器官中的浓度以及系统暴露量，不但是影响药效的关键因素，也是重要的药物?药物相互作用位点。人体中关键的药物转运体属于ABC结合盒 (ATP-binding cassette) 超家族或溶质载体 (Solute carrier) 超家族，分别介导细胞对药物的外排和吸收，两者协同作用，共同决定细胞内的药物浓度。作为膜蛋白，药物转运体在翻译后需要经过一系列复杂而精细的调控才能到达作用位点，发挥功能。此外，人体在药物的摄取过程中需要作出快速应对，因此往往以翻译后修饰的方式进行响应；而病理条件下转运体的功能也可能因细胞中各翻译后调控机制的非常态化而受到影响。明确药物转运体的翻译后处置过程，对于解析转运体药物转运的分子机制、阐明遗传多态性造成的个体药物响应差异有重要意义。本文对目前药物转运体的翻译后加工和修饰的相关研究进行了综述，也对在这些调控过程中发挥关键作用的转运体基序和位点进行了总结。